Manejo anestésico de paciente con mastocitosis cutánea / Anaesthetic managemet of cutaneous mastocytosis

Mastocytosis consists of a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an abnormal increase of mast cell in one or more organs or tissues. The degranulation of mast cells with subsequent clinical symptoms can be triggered by psychological, chemical or traumatic agents. The main challenge of these patients is to avoid these triggers in order to prevent an anaphylactic shock. We report a case of a patient diagnosed with cutaneous mastocytoses who underwent urgent appendicectomy. Their perioperative management involves a multidisciniplinary approach. We report the anaesthetic management in this disease.

Las mastocitosis son un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades que se caracterizan por la proliferación de mastocitos y su posterior acumulación. La degranulación de los mastocitos puede desencadenarse por diferentes agentes como la cirugía, el estrés o los fármacos histaminoliberadores. El principal reto que plantea a un anestesiólogo un paciente con mastocitosis es la posibilidad de que se desencadene una reacción anafiláctica. Se describe el manejo anestésico de un paciente con mastocitosis cutánea. El desconocimiento de esta entidad puede suponer un aumento de la morbimortalidad de estos pacientes.

Seroprevalence of IgG Antibodies for Dengue among Blood Donors

Dengue fever is endemic India and the prevalence of dengue is on the rise owing to various social and economic factors. Prevalence of asymptomatic dengue infection varies widely from less than 1 % to 80 % in India. Transfusion transmissible dengue has been reported in different parts of the word. Prevalence of subclinical dengue among blood donor poses a threat to the blood supply leading to transfusion transmissible dengue. We wanted to estimate the prevalence of IgG antibodies for Dengue in the blood donor population. METHODSSix hundred and eight whole blood donors were included in the study during the period January 2017 to October 2018. Donor registration and education was done as per the national guidelines. Donors who gave a history of previous dengue or symptoms consistent with dengue were excluded from the study. Serum samples from whole blood donors were tested for IgG antibodies using ELISA technology. RESULTSOf the total of 608 donors, 602 were male donors and 55 % of the donors were in the age group 21 - 30 years. Majority (69 %) of the donors were from urban locations. Anti IgG antibodies for dengue were present in 4.14 % of donors of which 38 % of donors were in the age group 31 - 40 years. Three hundred and eighty-four donors revealed history of fever, myalgia and headache in the past one year. No statistical significance was found between fever, myalgia and the presence of IgG anti-dengue antibodies. CONCLUSIONSThe subclinical or asymptomatic prevalence of dengue infection is low when compared to other studies in other parts of the country. Enquiring into donor history for history of dengue or symptoms of dengue and deferring such donors for a recommended period will prevent transfusion transmissible dengue.

Ultrasound-guided multiple peripheral nerve blocks, a way out for anesthesia in morbidly obese patients for bone marrow aspiration / Múltiplos bloqueios de nervos periféricos guiados por ultrassom, uma saída para anestesia em pacientes com obesidade mórbida para aspiração de medula óssea

Abstract Morbid obesity is associated with various pathophysiological changes which affect the outcome of anaesthesia and surgery. So it's challenging to give anaesthesia to such patients. We present a 59-year-old adult morbidly obese, hypertensive, diabetic female with hypothyroidism operated for proximal humerus fracture and now presented with non-union of fracture, requiring percutaneous injection of bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest to the site of non-union. The patient was extremely anxious and refused to undergo the procedure under local anaesthesia or sedation and demanded anaesthesia. Given her comorbidities general anaesthesia (GA) was avoided and the procedure was accomplished using Ultrasound (USG) guided Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (LFCN) block for the bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest and Intercostobrachial nerve block (T2) was given to prevent pain while injecting the aspirate into the non-union site. Dexmedetomidine and ketamine were given for deep level sedation and analgesia. TAP block and LFCN block is generally used for post-op analgesia but can be also used for surgical anaesthesia instead of General anaesthesia in specific scenarios. Its perioperative application and its potential use instead of GA have been discussed.

Resumo A obesidade mórbida se associa a várias alterações fisiopatológicas que afetam o desfecho da anestesia e cirurgia. É, portanto, um desafio anestesiar tais pacientes. Apresentamos uma mulher adulta de 59 anos, obesa mórbida, hipertensa, diabética, com hipotiroidismo, submetida a cirurgia devido a fratura proximal do úmero e que compareceu ao serviço com fratura não consolidada, e com indicação de injeção percutânea de aspirado de medula óssea da crista ilíaca na fratura não consolidada. A paciente estava extremamente ansiosa e recusou o procedimento sob anestesia local ou sedação e exigiu anestesia. Em função de suas comorbidades, Anestesia Geral (AG) foi evitada e o procedimento foi realizado usando bloqueio do Plano Transverso Abdominal (PTA) guiado por Ultrassonografia (USG) e bloqueio do Nervo Cutâneo Femoral Lateral (NCFL) para aspiração de medula óssea da crista ilíaca. O bloqueio do nervo Intercostobraqueal (T2) foi realizado para evitar dor durante a injeção do aspirado. Dexmedetomidina e ketamina foram dadas para sedação profunda e analgesia. O Bloqueio PTA e bloqueio NCFL geralmente são usados para analgesia pós-operatória, mas também podem ser usados para anestesia cirúrgica substituindo a anestesia geral em condições clínicas específicas. O emprego desses bloqueios no perioperatório e seu uso potencial no lugar de AG têm sido discutidos.

Evaluación del bloqueo del cuadrado lumbar transmuscular ecoguiado en pediatría / Efficacy of ultrasound-guided transmuscular quadratus lumborum block in children

OBJECTIVES:Transmuscular quadratus lumborum block (TQLB) is a novel regional anaesthesia technique that has proven to be effective for postoperative pain reduction in different abdominal surgical procedures. The present study evaluated its efficacy on pain intensity and analgesic consumption in children undergoing low abdominal surgery. METHODS: The study included forty patients, aged 1 to 6 years, scheduled for low abdominal surgery (hernia repair or orchiopexy) under general anaesthesia. They were enrolled in two groups: TQLB block plus systemic analgesia (group 1; n = 20) wound infiltration done by the surgeon plus systemic analgesia (Group 2; n = 20). All blocks were performed by the same anesthesiologist under general anaesthesia before surgery. Both groups received the same systemic analgesia protocol. Analgesic consumption (ibuprofen) within the first 24 postoperative hours, pain intensity scores (FLACC scale) at 60 minutes, 2, 6 and 24 hours after surgery, time in which the first analgesia was required, satisfaction levels of the parents (0-10), adverse events related to systemic analgesia and time to hospital discharge were evaluated and registered. RESULTS: We found differences between both groups in ibuprofen consumption (80 mg 185 mg; p < 0.05) and pain scores (FLACC) within the first 24 postoperative hours at each interval (p < 0.05 for every point in time analyzed). Time in which the first analgesia was required was longer for the TQLB group (18 10 hours; p < 0.05). Satisfaction levels of the parents were also higher in the first group (p < 0.05). Adverse events related to medication and time to hospital discharge showed similar results. Further investigation comparing the TQLB with different approaches of QLB or conventional TAP block could be interesting and is required in a near future.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El bloqueo del cuadrado lumbar transmuscular (TQL) es una técnica de anestesia regional ecoguiada que demostró ser efectiva en cirugía abdominal abierta y laparoscópica como parte de un esquema multimodal de analgesia postoperatoria. La presente investigación evaluó su eficacia en cirugía de hernia inguinal y testículo no descendido en población pediátrica (de 1-6 años de edad). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El estudio fue diseñado como un ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado en 2 ramas: grupo protocolo bloqueo TQL (Grupo 1; n = 20) grupo protocolo infiltración local por cirujano (Grupo 2; n = 20), simple ciego que incluyó a 40 pacientes pediátricos sometidos a una cirugía de hernia inguinal u orquidopexia unilateral. Todos los bloqueos fueron realizados bajo anestesia general antes del inicio de procedimiento quirúrgico. Ambos grupos recibieron el mismo esquema de analgesia endovenosa y oral postoperatoria. Consumo de analgésicos durante las primeras 24 horas (mg de ibuprofeno), intensidad de dolor con escala FLACC a tiempo 1, 2, 6 y 24 horas postoperatorias, tiempo transcurrido a la primera administración de ibuprofeno, escala de satisfacción parental (0-10) e incidencia de náuseas y vómitos fueron evaluados y registrados. Se consideró como significativa una p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: El consumo promedio de ibuprofeno en las primeras 24 horas fue de 80 mg para el grupo bloqueo TQL y de 185 mg para el segundo grupo, diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05). El tiempo transcurrido a la primera administración de ibuprofeno fue mayor en el grupo TQL (18 10 horas), p < 0,05. Las escalas de dolor por FLACC a los 60 y 120 minutos y a las 6 y 24 horas. postcirugía fueron menores comparadas con el grupo de infiltración local por el cirujano (p < 0,05 en cada punto de análisis). Las escalas de satisfacción parental mostraron puntajes más elevados para el grupo que recibió el bloqueo TQL (p < 0,05). No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la incidencia de episodios de náuseas y/o vómitos en las primeras 24 horas. postoperatorias (p > 0,2). No se reportaron complicaciones asociadas al bloqueo. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio muestra que el bloqueo TQL aporta beneficios adicionales respecto al plan de analgesia estándar empleado en cirugía de hernia inguinal unilateral u orquidopexia, disminuyendo el requerimiento de analgésicos y la intensidad de dolor en las primeras 24 horas postoperatorias, así como también incrementando la satisfacción de los cuidadores respecto al estado postoperatorio del niño. Sería interesante llevar a cabo nuevas investigaciones comparando esta técnica con otros abordajes del bloqueo de cuadrado lumbar y con el cuestionado bloqueo TAP convencional.

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Interscalene Block vs. Interscalene Block and Superficial Cervical Plexus Block for Fixation of Clavicular Fractures

Introduction: Regional anaesthesia is seldom used forclavicle fractures considering the anatomical location of thebone. We aim to compare the efficacy of two techniques ofregional anaesthesia as sole anaesthesia technique for fixationsof clavicular fractures.Material and methods: 60 Adult patients with claviclefractures were divided randomly in two groups (1 and 2) andwere administered interscalene block (ISB) only or interscaleneblock and superficial cervical plexus block(ISB+SCPB) assole anaesthetic, respectively. Patients were monitored forefficacy of block and adequacy of anaesthesia and analgesiaat the surgical site. Side effects and hemodynamic parameterswere also monitored.Results:. ISB+SCPB provides excellent anaesthesia forclavicle fixation. Only 1 patient in group 2 required GeneralAnaesthesia(GA) whereas in Group 1, 8 patients required someform of supplemental anaesthesia. There was no statisticallysignificant difference in side-effects and hemodynamic profilein both the groups.Conclusion: ISB+SCPB is significantly better than ISB onlyfor anaesthesia for fixation of clavicular surgeries.

Listening to Islamic Praises (Dzikr) is More Effective in Reducing Perioperative Anxiety Levels when Compared to Nature-Based Sounds in Muslim Patients Undergoing Surgery Under Regional Anaesthesia

@#Introduction: Many studies have investigated the effects of music on perioperative anxiety and its implication on anaesthetic practice, however there are limited number of studies reported for religious or spiritual intervention in this aspect. We investigated the effects of listening to Islamic praises (Dzikr) and nature-based sounds delivered via headphones as non-pharmacological interventions for perioperative anxiety. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three Muslim patients scheduled for elective lower limb surgery under regional anaesthesia were randomly assigned to listen to Dzikr (Group A), nature-based sounds (Group B) or given headphones without any sounds (Group C). Anxiety levels were assessed using a visual analogue scale for anxiety (VAS-A). Physiological responses (mean arterial pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate) as well as patients’ overall satisfaction level were documented. Results: Patients in Group A demonstrated statistically significant lower VAS-A scores compared to those in Group B and C at 30-minutes after skin incision (p=0.002 and p=0.001 respectively) and at the end of the surgery (p=0.028 and p<0.001 respectively). Patients in Group A recorded significantly higher satisfaction levels compared to those in Groups B (p=0.038) and C (p=0.001). No significant differences were seen for the physiological responses, nor was there any additional anxiolytic requirement among the three groups. Conclusion: Listening to Dzikr among Muslim patients was more effective in reducing perioperative anxiety levels when compared to nature -based sounds, in patients who had undergone lower limb surgery under regional anaesthesia.

The relevance of regional anesthesia in orthopaedic surgery: concepts and techniques

Before the advent of anaesthesia in surgical practice, surgeons battled with patient's maximal co-operation during surgical procedures, management of pain intra-operatively and post-operatively. Anaesthesia has greatly aided in overcoming these challenges, but a sizable proportion of reduction in these challenges but approximately 30-80% of patients complain of moderate to severe pain post-operatively indicating that post-operative pain remains a problem. Controlled epidural anaesthesia and controlled peripheral nerve block which are types of regional anaesthesia provide superior pain relief during and after surgery, making regional anaesthesia of particular relevance in orthopaedic surgery. More so, general anaesthesia has some adverse effects on the outcome of operation and the patient. These adverse effects are rare but may be disastrous and life-threatening necessitating close supervision during and after general anaesthesia. Hence, the preference should be towards regional anaesthesia with regards to the choice of anaesthesia in orthopaedic surgery. This review aims to highlight some concepts and techniques on regional anaesthesia in orthopaedic surgery.

The relevance of regional anesthesia in orthopaedic surgery: advantages, disadvantages and challenges

The relevance of regional anaesthesia in orthopaedic surgery cannot be overemphasized because it has aided reduction in intra-operative and post-operative pain which has always been a challenge in surgical practice. It also reduces the risk of haemorrhage and infection. Though there are complications associated with regional anaesthesia, these complications are rare and can be anticipated; thus prompt intervention measures can be instituted. The outcome of every surgical procedure takes into consideration the risks and benefit of the method, and hence, since the benefits of regional anaesthesia in orthopaedic surgery outweighs the risks, it is highly recommended. Regional anaesthesia is of great importance in orthopaedic surgery because it offers continuous but controlled analgesia. It induces hypotension which leads to a reduction in blood loss during operation. It allows early recovery and ambulation of patients, thus reducing the risks associated with prolonged bed stay, which may, in turn, affect the overall outcome of surgery. This review aims to highlight the advantages and challenges of regional anaesthesia in orthopaedic surgery

¿Es útil la monitorización con espectroscopia de infrarojo cercano en la cirugía artroscópica de hombro con anestesia regional y sedación? / Is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring useful for patients undergoing shoulder surgery under regional anaesthesia and sedation?

BACKGROUND: Shoulder surgery in beach chair position is a very common procedure in our daily practice. It has been associated to regional cerebral saturation impairment detected by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) under general anaesthesia. Severe neurological complications were previously reported, even in previously healthy patients. An anaesthetic protocol under regional anaesthesia and biespectral index (BIS) guided sedation seems to be a safer strategy in order to prevent complications. OBJECTIVE: To find out, in a group of patients undergoing shoulder surgery in beach chair position under regional anaesthesia and sedation, the prevalence of cerebral desaturation events detected by NIRS (defined as a decrease ≥ 20% from baseline or absolute value < 55%). MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this descriptive study, 30 patients undergoing shoulder surgery in beach chair position under regional anaesthesia (ultrasound guided interescalene brachial plexus block) and propofol infusion BIS guided sedation were enrolled to assess the prevalence of cerebral desaturation events. The baseline data for regional cerebral oxygen saturation and bispectral index and non invasive blood pressure measured at heart level were taken prior to surgery after beach chair positioning and thereafter all 5 min until discharge. RESULTS: No cerebral desaturation events were detected during this study. CONCLUSIONS: Although monitoring regional cerebral saturation with NIRS detects decreased cerebral perfusion allowing a rapid intervention, we consider it is not essential under this anaesthesia regimen, considering that no cerebral desaturation events were reported.

La cirugía de hombro en posición de sentado constituye un procedimiento frecuente en la práctica diaria. Bajo anestesia general, se ha asociado con caída de la saturación regional cerebral de oxígeno (Src02) detectada por espectrospcopia infraroja (NIRS), reportándose complicaciones neurológicas severas, incluso en pacientes previamente sanos. El empleo de una técnica de anestesia regional más sedación titulada con índice biespectral (BIS) parecería ser una estrategia más segura a fin de evitar dichos eventos. OBJETIVO: Conocer, en pacientes sometidos a artroscopia de hombro en posición de sentado bajo anestesia regional más sedación, la prevalencia de episodios de desaturación cerebral (ECDs) determinada por NIRS (SrcO2 inferior a 55% o disminución del 20% respecto al basal). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 30 pacientes sometidos a artroscopía de hombro en posición de sentado bajo anestesia regional (bloqueo interescalénico ecoguiado) más sedación titulada (infusión de propofol guiada por BIS). Se tomaron valores de referencia de Src02, BIS y presión no invasiva a nivel del corazón luego del posicionamiento y, consecutivamente en forma continua para las primeras dos variables y cada 5 minutos hasta el final para la última. Se ocultaron a los anestesiólogos los valores de Src02. RESULTADOS: No se ha detectado ningún EDC en la población estudiada. CONCLUSIÓN: Consideramos que el monitoreo de la perfusión cerebral con tecnología NIRS resulta útil aunque no imprescindible bajo este protocolo anestésico, dada la incidencia casi nula de eventos.

Eficácia e efeitos hemodinâmicos da anestesia raquidiana com ropivacaína isobárica, hipobárica ou hiperbárica em cães anestesiados com isofluorano / Efficacy and hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia with isobaric, hypobaric or hyperbaric ropivacaine in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a anestesia raquidiana com ropivacaína em cães alterando a baricidade do anestésico local, investigando as alterações hemodinâmicas e complicações. Foram utilizados seis cães, Beagle, 4 anos, submetidos a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano e aos tratamentos: Ghipo = anestesia raquidiana hipobárica (0,5 mL NaCl 0,9% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%); Giso = anestesia raquidiana isobárica (0,5 mL NaCl 1,53% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%); Ghiper = anestesia raquidiana hiperbárica (0,5 mL glicose 10% + 0,5 mL ropivacaína 0,75%). Após indução anestésica e manutenção com isofluorano, os animais foram posicionados em decúbito lateral direito para a passagem de um cateter de artéria pulmonar pela veia jugular esquerda. Após esse procedimento, a punção subaracnóide foi realizada entre L5-L6 com uma agulha espinhal 22G, seguida da administração de 1 mL de anestésico local em 1 min. Os animais foram mantidos por 60 minutos anestesiados em decúbito ventral. A FC, f, PAM, DC, PAPm e TºC apresentaram aumento progressivo em todos os grupos enquanto que a PCPm, apenas no GHIPO, aumentou ao longo de todos os momentos. O IRPT no GISO apresentou valores significativamente superiores no M1, M5 e M10 comparado aos demais grupos, exceto no M5, em que o GISO diferiu somente do GHIPER. O IRVP no GISO aumentou no M5 em comparação ao MB. Foram observados efeitos adversos como déficit motor unilateral, atonia vesical, excitação, dor aguda e quemose. De acordo com os dados obtidos no presente estudo pode-se concluir que os animais que receberam anestesia raquidiana com as soluções hiperbárica e isobárica apresentaram maior bloqueio motor comprovando que a baricidade influencia diretamente o tipo de fibra a ser bloqueada. A utilização de solução isobárica resulta em um bloqueio misto (motor e sensitivo). As alterações hemodinâmicas descritas na literatura como, bradicardia e hipotensão, não puderam ser evidenciadas neste estudo embora o volume de anestésico tenha sido baixo associado a influência dos efeitos do isofluorano. Em relação às complicações evidenciadas, sugere-se acompanhamento pós-anestésico dos animais submetidos à anestesia raquidiana a fim de que quaisquer alterações possam ser identificadas precocemente e tratadas.(AU)

The aim of the study was to assess hemodynamic changes and complications of spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine at different baricities. Six beagle dogs aged four years. The dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and subjected to the following treatments: Ghypo = spinal anesthesia with hypobaric ropivacaine (0.5mL of 0.9% NaCl+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%); Giso = isobaric spinal anesthesia (0.5mL of 0,906% NaCl+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%); Ghyper = hyperbaric spinal anesthesia (0.5mL of 10% glucose+0.5mL ropivacaine at 0.75%). After induction to anesthesia and maintenance with isoflurane, animals were positioned in right lateral recumbency for pulmonary artery catheterization through the left jugular vein. Spinal anesthesia was carried out with injection of 1mL of local anesthetic using a 22G Quincke tip needle in the L5-L6 space along 1 minute. Dogs were maintained under inhalation anesthesia for 60 minutes in ventral recumbency. HR, FR, MAP, CO, mPAP and body temperature progressively increased in all groups, whereas PCWP increased only in GHYPO at all time points. The TPRI showed significantly higher values in GISO at M1, M5 and M10 compared to the other groups, except for M5, during which GISO differed only from GHYPER. The PVRI increased at M5 compared to MB in GISO. Side effects such as unilateral motor deficit, bladder atony, excitation, acute pain and chemosis were observed. The hemodynamic changes were not relevant, although inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane might have influenced the results. The changes observed in the study demonstrate that motor blockade is likely to be obtained with isobaric and hyperbaric ropivacaine, thereby confirming the influence of baricity on the type of nerve fibers on the spinal cord. The isobaric solution results in a mixed blockade (motor and sensory blockade). Hemodynamic changes such as hypotension and bradycardia were not evidenced in this study, although local anesthetics were administered in low volumes and together with isoflurane anesthesia. Regarding complications, post-anesthetic observation is warranted in order to identify and treat possible changes. Spinal anesthesia in the conditions studied did not cause hemodynamic changes in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs and is thus considered safe for routine practice, although a few complications are prone to occur.(AU)

A randomised controlled trial investigating the analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block for adult laparoscopic appendicectomy

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>We conducted a single-centre, prospective randomised clinical trial to investigate the analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in adult patients undergoing laparoscopic appendicectomy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Patients undergoing urgent laparoscopic appendicectomy under general anaesthesia alone (control group) and general anaesthesia supplemented by TAP block (TAP intervention group) were compared. All patients received a multimodal analgesia regime, which included postoperative morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia device. The primary endpoints were morphine consumption at 12 hours and 24 hours postoperatively. Secondary endpoints included pain scores, incidence of nausea and vomiting, and time to hospital discharge. A total of 58 patients were recruited, with 29 patients in each group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Mean postoperative morphine consumption at 12 hours (control group: 11.45 ± 7.64 mg, TAP intervention group: 9.79 ± 8.09 mg; p = 0.4264) and 24 hours (control group: 13.38 ± 8.72 mg, TAP intervention group: 11.31 ± 8.66 mg; p = 0.3686) for the control and TAP intervention groups were not statistically different. Secondary outcomes were also not different between the two groups. Length of stay in the post-anaesthesia care unit was significantly shorter for the TAP intervention group, with a trend toward faster hospital discharge being observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TAP block, a regional anaesthetic procedure performed immediately prior to skin incision for laparoscopic appendicectomy, did not significantly improve postoperative analgesia outcomes.</p>

Epidural levobupivacaine alone or combined with different morphine doses in bitches under continuous propofol infusion / Levobupivacaína isolada ou associada à morfina em diferentes doses pela via peridural em cadelas sob infusão contínua de propofol

The aim of this study was to assess the cardiopulmonary, analgesic, adverse effects, serum concentration of cortisol and plasma levels of levobupivacaine and morphine in bitches undergoing propofol anesthesia and epidural analgesia with levobupivacaine alone or combined with morphine. This was a randomized 'blinded' prospective clinical study using 32 adult bitches weighing 9.8±4.1kg that were admitted for elective ovariohysterectomy. Twenty minutes after administration of acepromazine and midazolam, anesthesia was induced with propofol (4mg kg-1) and maintained by a continuous rate infusion (CRI). Each animal was randomly assigned to one of four epidural groups: GL = levobupivacaine alone (0.33mg kg-1); GLM0.1 = levobupivacaine and morphine (0.1mg kg-1); GLM0.15 = levobupivacaine and morphine (0.15mg kg-1); and GLM0.2 = levobupivacaine and morphine (0.2mg kg-1)...

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos cardiovasculares, analgésico, adversos, a concentração sérica de cortisol e os níveis plasmáticos de levobupivacaína e morfina em cadelas submetidas à infusão contínua de propofol e analgesia peridural com levobupivacaína isolada ou associada à morfina. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo clínico prospectivo randomizado com 32 cadelas adultas pesando 9,8 ± 4,1kg, que foram submetidas à ovário-histerectomia eletiva. Vinte minutos após a administração de acepromazina e midazolam, os animais foram induzidos com propofol (4mg/kg) e mantidos por uma infusão contínua (CRI) do mesmo fármaco. Cada animal foi alocado aleatoriamente em um dos quatro grupos: GL = levobupivacaína isolada (0,33mg/kg); GLM0,1 = levobupivacaína + morfina (0,1mg/kg); GLM0,15 = levobupivacaína + morfina (0,15mg/kg) e GLM0,2 = levobupivacaína + morfina (0,2mg/kg)...

The anesthesia study of minimally-invasive thyroid surgery with short-stay discharge / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the feasibility,security and efficiency of general anaesthesia compared with regional anaesthesia for minimally-invasive thyroid surgery(MITS)with short-stay discharge.Methods 103 cases undergoing MITS with short-stay discharge from Jan.2013 to Jun.2013 in Fuzhou General Hospital were collected.54 patients were operated under regional anaesthesia and 49 under general anaesthesia.All variables of patients including demographic characteristics,vital signs (blood pressure,heart rate,blood glucose) during the operation,duration and type of operation,postoperative complications,difficulty in airway management and anesthesia consumption were recorded and analyzed.Results There was no difference in respect to level of blood glucose,length of hospital stay,discharge time,patient or operator satisfaction rate,anesthesia or operation complications rate between the two groups.Blood pressure (T1:(90 ± 7.0) vs (79 ± 8.3) mmHg,T2:(88 ± 6.8) vs (80 ±7.6) mmHg,P ＜0.05) and heart rate(T1:(130 ± 18.2) vs(101 ± 12.0)/min,T2:(120 ± 19.7) vs(103 ± 13.3)/min,P ＜ 0.05)level were higher,while the recovery time of anesthesia((0.3 ± 0.14)vs(0.8 ± 0.35)h,P ＜ 0.05)) and anesthesia consumption ((1350 ± 78) vs (2580 ± 220) yuan,P ＜ 0.05)) were lower in the regional anaesthesia group compared with those in the general anaesthesia group.Conclusions Both general anaesthesia and regional anaesthesia for MITS with short-stay discharge are safe and effective.General anesthesia has less psychological trauma,while regional anaesthesia has shorter recovery time and lower anesthetic consumption.

Revision of loop colostomy under regional anaesthesia and sedation

Patients presenting for emergency abdominal procedures often have medical issues that cause both general anaesthesia and central neuraxial blockade to pose significant risks. Regional anaesthetic techniques are often used adjunctively for abdominal procedures under general anaesthesia, but there is limited published data on procedures done under peripheral nerve or plexus blocks. We herein report the case of a patient with recent pulmonary embolism and supraventricular tachycardia who required colostomy refashioning. Ultrasonography-guided regional anaesthesia was administered using a combination of ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric, rectus sheath and transversus abdominis plane blocks. This was supplemented with propofol and dexmedetomidine sedation as well as intermittent fentanyl and ketamine boluses to cover for visceral stimulation. We discuss the anatomical rationale for the choice of blocks and compare the anaesthetic conduct with similar cases that were previously reported.

A randomized, double blind comparison of pethidine and ketoprofen as adjuvants for lignocaine in intravenous regional anaesthesia / Estudo comparativo, randômico e duplo-cego de petidina e cetoprofeno como adjuvantes de lidocaína em anestesia regional intravenosa / Estudio comparativo, aleatorizado y doble ciego, de la petidina y del ketoprofeno como adyuvantes de la lidocaína en la anestesia regional intravenosa

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A review of all the adjuncts for intravenous regional anaesthesia concluded that there is good evidence to recommend NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory agents and pethidine in the dose of 30 mg dose as adjuncts to intravenous regional anaesthesia. But there are no studies to compare pethidine of 30 mg dose to any of the NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory agents. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, double blind study, 45 patients were given intravenous regional anaesthesia with either lignocaine alone or lignocaine with pethidine 30 mg or lignocaine with ketprofen 100 mg. Fentanyl was used as rescue analgesic during surgery. For the first 6 h of postoperative period analgesia was provided by fentanyl injection and between 6 and 24 h analgesia was provided by diclofenac tablets. Visual analogue scores for pain and consumption of fentanyl and diclofenac were compared. RESULTS: The block was inadequate for one case each in lignocaine group and pethidine group, so general anaesthesia was provided. Time for the first dose of fentanyl required for postoperative analgesia was significantly more in pethidine and ketoprofen groups compared to lignocaine group (156.7 ± 148.8 and 153.0 ± 106.0 vs. 52.1 ± 52.4 min respectively). Total fentanyl consumption in first 6 h of postoperative period was less in pethidine and ketoprofen groups compared to lignocaine group (37.5 ± 29.0 mcg, 38.3 ± 20.8 mcg vs. 64.2 ± 27.2 mcg respectively). Consumption of diclofenac tablets was 2.4 ± 0.7, 2.5 ± 0.5 and 2.0 ± 0.7 in the control, pethidine and ketoprofen group respectively, which was statistically not significant. Side effects were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: Both pethidine and ketoprofen are equally effective in providing postoperative analgesia up to 6 h, without significant difference in the side effects and none of the adjuncts provide significant ...

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: uma revisão de todos os adjuvantes para anestesia regional intravenosa concluiu que há boas evidências para recomendar os agentes anti-inflamatórios não esteroides e petidina em dose de 30 mg como adjuvantes para anestesia regional intravenosa. Porém, não há estudos que comparem petidina (30 mg) com quaisquer dos agentes anti-inflamatórios não esteroides. MÉTODOS: em um estudo prospectivo, randômico e duplo-cego, 45 pacientes receberam anestesia regional intravenosa com apenas lidocaína ou lidocaína com petidina (30 mg) ou lidocaína com cetoprofeno (100 mg). Fentanil foi usado como analgésico de resgate durante a cirurgia. Durante as seis primeiras horas de pós-operatório, analgesia foi fornecida via injeção de fentanil e, entre seis e 24 horas, analgesia foi fornecida via comprimidos de diclofenaco. Os escores visuais analógicos para dor e do consumo de fentanil e diclofenaco foram comparados. RESULTADOS: o bloqueio foi inadequado para um caso tanto do grupo lidocaína quanto do grupo petidina; portanto, anestesia geral foi administrada. O tempo para a primeira dose necessária de fentanil para analgesia pós-operatória foi significativamente maior nos grupos petidina e cetoprofeno em comparação com o grupo lidocaína (156,7 ± 148,8 e 153,0 ± 106,0 vs. 52,1 ± 52,4 minutos, respectivamente). O consumo total de fentanil nas primeiras seis horas de pós-operatório foi menor nos grupos petidina e cetoprofeno em comparação com o grupo lidocaína (37,5 ± 29,0 mcg, 38,3 ± 20,8 mcg vs. 64,2 ± 27,2 mcg, respectivamente). O consumo de comprimidos de diclofenaco foi de 2,4 ± 0,7, 2,5 ± 0,5 e 2,0 ± 0,7 no grupo controle, petidina e cetoprofeno, respectivamente, o que não foi estatisticamente significante. ...

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: una revisión sobre todos los adyuvantes para la anestesia regional intravenosa concluyó que hay buenas evidencias para recomendar los agentes antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y la petidina en dosis de 30 mg como adyuvantes para la anestesia regional intravenosa. Sin embargo, no hay estudios comparando la petidina (30 mg) con cualesquiera de los agentes antiinflamatorios no-esteroideos. MÉTODOS: en un estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado y doble ciego, 45 pacientes recibieron anestesia regional intravenosa con solamente lidocaína o lidocaína con petidina (30 mg) o lidocaína con ketoprofeno (100 mg). El fentanilo fue usado como analgésico de rescate durante la cirugía. Durante las 6 primeras horas del postoperatorio, la analgesia fue suministrada vía inyección de fentanilo y entre 6 y 24 h, la analgesia fue suministrada vía comprimidos de diclofenaco. Se compararon las puntuaciones visuales analógicas para el dolor y el consumo de fentanilo y diclofenaco. RESULTADOS: el bloqueo fue inadecuado para un caso tanto del grupo lidocaína como del grupo petidina; por tanto, se administró anestesia general. El tiempo para la primera dosis necesaria de fentanilo para analgesia postoperatoria fue significativamente mayor en los grupos petidina y ketoprofeno en comparación con el grupo lidocaína (156,7 ± 148,8 y 153,0 ± 106,0 vs. 52,1 ± 52,4 min, respectivamente). El consumo total de fentanilo en las primeras 6 h del postoperatorio fue menor en los grupos petidina y ketoprofeno en comparación con el grupo lidocaína (37,5 ± 29,0 mcg; 38,3 ± 20,8 mcg vs. 64,2 ± 27,2 mcg, respectivamente). El consumo de comprimidos de diclofenaco fue de 2,4 ± 0,7; 2,5 ± 0,5; y 2 ± 0,7 en el grupo control, petidina y ketoprofeno, respectivamente, lo que no fue estadísticamente significativo. Los ...

Rostrofacial indices of the Nigerian local dog: implications in veterinary oral and maxillo-facial anaesthesiology of the dolichocephalic canine breed / Índice rostrofacial del perro local nigeriano: implicancias en anestesiología oral y maxilofacial veterinaria de la raza canina dolicocéfala

There has been a recent increase in the use of trained dogs in animal-assisted therapy programmes. This morphological study uses the Nigerian local dog as a prototype dolichocephalic to determine rostrofacial parameters which are of clinical and anesthesiological importance in veterinary oral surgery and intervention. Sixteen Nigerian local dog skulls of both sexes (seven males and nine females) were used. The females were observed to have higher values for most of the parameters measured. Statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was only observed in one parameter, distance between the mandibular foramen and the caudal border of the mandible, with the female value being higher. The length of the mandible from the most rostral point of the dental bone to the most caudal projection of the coronoid process (MDL-1) showed a positive correlation to the parameters depicting height, width and length of the mandible. Results obtained from this study will find application in veterinary comparative anatomy and in clinical application in oral and maxillofacial surgery and anaesthesia, especially in regions where the dental x-ray is not readily available.

Se ha observado un reciente aumento en el uso de perros entrenados en los programas de terapia asistida con animales. Este estudio morfológico utiliza el perro local de Nigeria como prototipo dolicocéfalo para determinar los parámetros rostrofaciales, de importancia clínica en la intervención quirúrgica y asistencia anestesiológica oral en veterinaria. Se utilizaron 16 cráneos de perros de ambos sexos (siete machos y nueve hembras). Se observó que las hembras tenían valores más altos para la mayoría de los parámetros medidos. Una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P<0,05 ) sólo se observó en un parámetro, la distancia entre el foramen mandibular y el margen caudal de la mandíbula, donde las hembras registraron el valor más alto. La longitud de la mandíbula desde el punto del hueso dental más rostral, a la proyección caudal del proceso coronoides mandibular mostró una correlación positiva para los parámetros de altura, ancho y longitud mandibular. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser aplicados en anatomía veterinaria, así como en clínica para cirugía oral, maxilofacial y el uso de anestesia, especialmente en lugares o situaciones donde la radiografía dental no siempre está al alcance.

Sedation with Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol during Regional Anaesthesia: Comparing Haemodynamic Parameters, Respiratory Rates and Offset Times

This study aimed to compare dexmedetomidine and propofol, in terms of haemodynamic parameters, respiratory rates and offset times, when used for sedation in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic and surgical procedures under regional anaesthesia. This was a prospective, randomised, single-blind study where 88 patients were recruited. Patients were randomised into two groups to receive either dexmedetomidine or propofol infusion. Central neuraxial blockade (spinal, epidural or combined spinal epidural) was performed. After ensuring an adequate block and stable haemodynamic parameters, dexmedetomidine was infused 15 minutes later at 0.4 μg/kg/hr, and propofol, at a target concentration of 2.5 μg/ml. Both drugs were titrated to achieve a bispectral index score of 70 before surgery commenced. Sedation level was monitored using the bispectral index score and assessed by the Observer Assessment of Alertness Scale score. Drug infusion was adjusted to maintain bispectral index scores ranging between 70-80 during surgery. Both groups showed reductions in mean arterial pressure and heart rate from baseline readings throughout the infusion time. However there was no significant reduction in the first 15 minutes from baseline (p > 0.05). Haemodynamic parameters and respiratory rate between both groups were not significantly different (p > 0.05). No patient demonstrated significant respiratory depression or SpO2 ≤ 95%. Offset times were also not significantly different between both groups (p = 0.594). There were no significant differences in haemodynamic parameters, respiratory rates and offset times between dexmedetomidine and propofol used for sedation in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic and surgical procedures under regional anaesthesia.

Anestesia espinal para colecistectomia / Spinal anesthesia for cholecystectomy

Introducción: La anestesia espinal o subaracnoidea brinda al paciente calidad y múltiples ventajas. Sin embargo, en procedimientos quirúrgicos que comprometen al abdomen superior ha sido poco empleada, como en la colecistectomía. En estas cirugías, ya sean laparoscópicas o abiertas, se ha empleado de forma rutinaria la anestesia general. Objetivo: Describir la aplicación de anestesia espinal para la realización de colecistectomía abierta. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio retrospectivo, serie de casos, que evaluó 32 pacientes ASA I y II a los que se les realizó colecistectomía abierta, bajo anestesia espinal, en el tiempo comprendido entre junio de 2002 y junio de 2004, en un Hospital Nivel II de la ciudad de Popayán, previo consentimiento aprobado por el Comité Científico del Hospital. Resultados: En 25 mujeres y 7 hombres, con edad media de 33,6 años, se observó que la frecuencia cardiaca y la presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y media disminuyeron durante los primeros 20 minutos; luego, sus valores se incrementaron hasta estabilizarse por debajo de los parámetros iniciales respectivos. El 34,3% de la población presentó eventos transoperatorios como hipotensión, bradicardia, náusea, vómito, dolor en hombro o dolor torácico. En dos de estos pacientes fue necesario cambiar a anestesia general. En el postoperatorio, 21,7% de los pacientes presentaron efectos adversos: náusea, vómito y cefalea. El 90 % egresaron del hospital en las primeras 48 horas. No se reportó mortalidad intra o postoperatorio inmediata. Conclusiones: La anestesia espinal es una alternativa a tener en cuenta para procedimientos como la colecistectomía abierta.

Introduction: Spinal anaesthesia offers patients quality as well as several advantages; however in surgical procedures which involve the upper abdomen it had been less employed in procedures such as cholecistectomy by laparoscopic technique or via opening the abdomen where the general anaesthesia is the common procedure. Objective: To describe the application of spinal anaesthesia for open cholecistectomy procedures. Material and methods: This is a retrospective study, based on case reports, which evaluated 32 patients ASA I y II which underwent open cholecistectomy under spinal anaesthesia , from June, 2002 to, June, 2004, in a second level hospital in Popayan, Colombia, and with the corresponding consent of the scientific committee. Results: The study included 25 women and 7 men, with a mean age of 33,6 years. The homodynamic profile was measured by monitoring patients heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These values diminished during the first 20 minutes, however, afterwards they increased until reaching stability below the initial parameters. In 34.3% of the population evaluated exhibited adverse intra-operative events such as hypotension and /or bradicardia, nausea, vomiting, thoracic or shoulder pain. There are no reports of postoperative mortality. In two of the cases, it was necessary to revert the technique to the use of general anaesthesia. During the postoperative period 21,7% of the patients showed some adverse events, such as nausea and vomiting. In the study, 90% of the patients were released from the hospital within the first 48 hours after the procedure. No intra or immediate post- operatory mortality was reported. Conclusions: Spinal anaesthesia is an alternative to keep in mind for procedures such as open cholecistectomy.